Two hundred years ago Britain was engaged in a struggle that was until then the greatest and most climactic in its history. While the Royal Navy ceaselessly blockaded the coasts of Europe, shepherded the commerce of the world into British ports and helped ensure the reduction of enemy colony after enemy colony, the army was incurring terrible losses in a gruelling campaign in Spain and Portugal that ultimately cost it a minimum of forty thousand deaths, a figure that was perhaps as high as one in five of every soldier who took part. As for the enemy, it was the France of Napoleon Bonaparte, a military commander of immense ability who could tap the resources of the continent from the Pyrenees to Poland. 

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