It is impossible to write the biography of any but a few people in the ancient world. The materials which go to provide the content of a modern biography are lacking. There are few letters or diaries, few even partly reliable memories of contemporaries. Most of the authorities are not contemporary with the subject of the biography, and their accounts are rendered untrustworthy by our ignorance of their sources and signs of the authors’ political or religious bias. There is of course epigraphical evidence, and that of statues and coins, but this is as reliable as a publicist’s press release, for it was almost all intended to serve the purpose of propaganda. Finally, much that is stated by ancient historians, often writing long after the events they chronicle and with no personal knowledge of the people they describe, is little better than conjecture when it is not simply invented.

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