Most of us understand the phoenix, the self-breeding, self-resurrecting bird that burns itself alive. It was a byword for longevity in Hesiod’s time and a symbol of uniqueness in Martial’s. He wrote that, compared to one lovely girl, the bird is commonplace. Herodotus told of a red-gold bird that flies from Arabia to Heliopolis every five hundred years to bury its myrrh-covered parent in a temple. It took five hundred more years for Ovid to add to the tale. His bird makes a nest of spices in a palm tree, and from its body rises a new bird, which then carries its parent to the temple to be buried. This was the phoenix of Philip Sidney and of Shakespeare. By the time in which they lived, it was embedded in Christian ideas of sacrifice and rebirth. In the first century, Pope Clement I saw the phoenix tale as proof of Christ’s resurrection; it was Christians who added the detail of the bird’s self-immolation, and its rebirth after three days, exactly the time taken by Christ.

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