Recent attempts to write ‘biographies’ of Bacchus and Venus have not, in my view, been successful. There are two reasons: first, the lives of mythical gods and heroes are recorded in a wide range of different literary genres (epic, personal poetry, tragedy, comedy, collections of myths and so on), and, since there was no such thing as an authorised version, they are generally irreconcilable; and second, Greek authors did not regard getting under a subject’s skin – conveying a sense of his or her unique individuality – as a priority. It was what men and gods achieved that counted. Gods were interested only in success, which meant either coming out on top or, if not, taking revenge. Mythical heroes tended to share those priorities, which in epic and tragedy were put under a searching ethical spotlight: did this man’s actions show that he was self-disciplined, courageous, wise, just, pious, honourable, and so on? Such is not the stuff out of which a convincing modern biography can be created.

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